Punjab is a state in North India, forming part of the
larger Punjab region. The
state is bordered by the Indian states ofJammu and Kashmir to
the north, Himachal Pradesh to
the east, Haryana to the south and south east, Rajasthan to the southwest, and the Pakistani province
of Punjab to the west.
The state capital is located in Chandigarh, a Union Territory and
also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana.
After the partition of India in
1947, the Punjab province of
British India was divided between India and Pakistan. The Indian Punjab was divided in 1966
with the formation of the new states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh alongside
the current state of Punjab.
Punjab is the only Sikh majority state in India with Sikhs being close
to 60% of the total population of the state.
Agriculture is the
largest industry in Punjab. Other major industries include the manufacturing
of scientific
instruments, agricultural goods, electrical goods, financial services, machine tools, textiles, sewing machines, sports goods, starch, tourism, fertilisers, bicycles, garments, and the
processing of pine oil and sugar. Punjab also has the largest number of steel rolling mill plants in India, which are located in
"Steel Town"—Mandi Gobindgarh in
the Fatehgarh Sahib
district. It is also known for the sports hub—Jalandhar
The word Punjab is a compound of the Persian words panj (five)
and āb(waters). Thus Panjāb roughly means "the land of five
rivers".[4] The five rivers are
the Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jehlum (also spelled Jhelum).
Traditionally, in English, there used to be a definite article before the name,
i.e. "The Punjab".The name is also sometimes spelled as
"Panjab". While the Greeks already referred to Punjab as Pentapotamia, an
inland delta of five converging rivers, the name Punjab was given to the
region by the Central Asian Turkic conquerors
of India, and popularised by
the Turco-Mongol Mughals.
During the period when the epic Mahabharata was written, around
800–400 BCE, Punjab was known as Trigarta and ruled
by Katoch kings. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned
much of the Punjab region with cities such as Rupar. The Vedic Civilization spread
along the length of the Sarasvati River to
cover most of northern India including
Punjab. This civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in the Indian
subcontinent. The Punjab region was conquered by many ancient empires including
the Gandhara, Nandas, Mauryas, Shungas, Kushans, Guptas, Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas and Hindu Shahis. The furthest eastern extent
of Alexander the
Great's exploration was along the Indus River. Agriculture
flourished and trading cities such as Jalandhar, Sangrur and Ludhiana grew in wealth.
Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and
influence from both west and east. Punjab faced invasions by the Achaemenids, Greeks, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans. This
resulted in the Punjab witnessing centuries of bitter bloodshed. Its culture
combines Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, Sikh and British influences.
The geography and subtropical latitudinal
location of Punjab lead to large variations in temperature from month to month.
The plains of Punjab do not have any thick forests. The only available
flora are patches of grass, small bushes, and shrubs. In the southeastern part
of Punjab and the areas of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Multan, mangoes are grown. Other varieties of fruit grown in
abundance are oranges, apples, figs, quinces,almonds, pomegranates, peaches, mulberries, apricots and plums
Punjab's GDP is 3.17 lakh crore
.Punjab is one of the most fertile regions in India. The region is ideal for
wheat-growing. Rice, sugar cane,fruits and vegetables are also grown. Indian
Punjab is called the "Granary of India" or "India's
bread-basket".It produces 10.26% of India's cotton, 19.5% of India's
wheat, and 11% of India's rice. The Firozpur and Fazilka Districts are the
largest producers of wheat and rice in the state. In worldwide terms, Indian
Punjab produces 2% of the world's cotton, 2% of its wheat and 1% of its rice.[40]The largest cultivated crop
is wheat. Other important crops are rice, cotton,sugarcane, pearl millet, maize, barley and fruit. Rice and wheat are doublecropped in Punjab with rice
stalks being burned off over millions of acres prior to the planting of wheat.
This widespread practice is polluting and wasteful. In Punjab the consumption
of fertiliser per hectare is 223.46 kg as compared to 90 kg
nationally. The state has been awarded the National Productivity Award for
agriculture extension services for ten years, from 1991–92 to 1998–99 and from
2001 to 2003–04. In recent years a drop in productivity has been observed,
mainly due to falling fertility of the soil. This is believed to be due to
excessive use of fertilisers and pesticides over the years. Another worry is
the rapidly falling water table on which almost 90% of the agriculture depends;
alarming drops have been witnessed in recent years. By some estimates,
groundwater is falling by a meter or more per year.
According to the India State Hunger Index, Punjab
has the lowest level of hunger in India
Public transport in Punjab is provided by
buses, auto rickshaws,
Indian railways and an international rail connection to Pakistan (Samjhauta Express). The state
has a large network of multimodal transportation systems.
Punjab has six civil airports. The Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport in Amritsarand the Chandigarh International Airport in Mohaliare the two international airports of Punjab. Other
airports in Punjab are:
All the cities and towns
of Punjab are connected by four-lane national highways.
The Grand Trunk Road,
also known as "NH1", connects Kolkata to Peshawar, passing through Jalandhar and Amritsar. Another major national highway
connects Punjab to Jammu, passing through Hoshiarpur and Pathankot. National highways passing through the state are
ranked the best in the country with widespread road networks that serve
isolated towns as well as the border region. Ludhiana and Amritsar are among
several Indian cities that have the highest accident rates in India.
There are also a bus rapid transit system Amritsar BRTS in the holy city of
Amritsar.
The Punjabi language, written
in the Gurmukhi script, is the official language
of the state. Punjabi is the tenth most spoken language in the world and fifth most spoken language in Asia
Sikhism is the majority religion in
Punjab practised by 58% of the population.Punjab has 23 universities, of which
10 are private, 9 are state, 1 is central and 3 are deemed universities. Punjab has 1.04 lakh (104,000) engineering seats
The Punjab is an
agricultural state, but here are the best of Indian advanced agriculture.
Agriculture not only in the business industry of Punjab has a different
reputation. The transport industry
is also dominated his exquisite. Foreign country in a different image of Punjabi culture. The Army is also good image Pnjabio. Punjab province is small compared to
other states, but here is admirable industrialization and transport. It is more progress in the future
can imagine.
District- 22
Area- 50,362 km2
Population –27,704,236
Language-Punjabi
Industries- More than 20,000 advanced industry
Rivers- Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum
State website- www.punjab.gov.in
Punjab
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Punjab,India-141 008
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Punjab,India-141 008
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