Jammu and Kashmir is a state in northern India, often denoted by
the acronym J&K.
It is located mostly in the Himalayan mountains,
and shares borders with the states of Himachal
Pradesh and Punjab to
the south. Jammu and Kashmir has an international border with China in the north and
east, and the Line of Control separates it from the
Pakistani-administered territories of Azad
Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan in
the west and northwest respectively. The state has special autonomy under Article 370 of
the Constitution of India.
A part of the erstwhile Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu,
the region is the subject of a territorial
conflict among China, India and Pakistan. The western
districts of the former princely state known as Azad
Kashmirand the northern territories known as Gilgit-Baltistan have
been under Pakistani control since 1947. The Aksai Chin region
in the east, bordering Tibet,
has been under Chinese control since 1962.
Jammu
and Kashmir consists of three regions: Jammu,
the Kashmir
Valley and Ladakh. Srinagar is the summer
capital, and Jammu is the winter capital. Jammu and Kashmir is the
only state in India with a Muslim-majority population. The Kashmir valley is
famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, and Jammu's numerous shrines
attract tens of thousands of Hindu pilgrims
every year. Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned
for its remote mountain beauty andBuddhist culture.
Maharaja
Hari Singh became the ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in
1925, and he was the reigning monarch at the conclusion of the British rule in
the subcontinent in 1947. With the impending independence of India, the British
announced that the British
Paramountcy over the princely states would end, and the states
were free to choose between the new Dominions of India and Pakistan or to
remain independent. It was emphasised that independence was only a `theoretical
possibility' because, during the long rule of the British in India, the states
had come to depend on British Indian government for a variety of their needs
including their internal and external security.
Jammu and Kashmir is
home to several valleys such as the Kashmir
Valley, Tawi Valley, Chenab
Valley, Poonch Valley, Sind Valley and Lidder
Valley. The main Kashmir Valley is 100 km (62 mi) wide and
15,520.3 km2 (5,992.4 sq mi) in area. The
Himalayas divide the Kashmir valley from Ladakh while the Pir Panjal range,
which encloses the valley from the west and the south, separates it from the
Great Plains of northern India. Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs
the main range of the Himalayas. This densely settled and beautiful valley has
an average height of 1,850 metres (6,070 ft) above sea-level but the
surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of 5,000 metres
(16,000 ft).
Because of Jammu
and Kashmir's wide range of elevations, itsbiogeography is
diverse. Northwestern thorn scrub forests andHimalayan subtropical pine forests are
found in the low elevations of the far southwest. These give way to a broad
band of western Himalayan broadleaf forests running
from northwest-southeast across the Kashmir Valley. Rising into the mountains,
the broadleaf forests grade into western Himalayan subalpine conifer
forests. Above the tree line are foundnorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub
and meadows. Much of the northeast of the state is covered by
the Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine
steppe. Around the highest elevations, there is no vegetation,
simply rock and ice.
The Jhelum
River is the only major Himalayan river which flows through the
Kashmir valley. The Indus, Tawi, Ravi and Chenab are
the major rivers flowing through the state. Jammu and Kashmir is home to
several Himalayan glaciers. With an average altitude of 5,753 metres
(18,875 ft) above sea-level, the Siachen
Glacier is 76 km (47 mi) long making it the longest
Himalayan glacier.
The climate of Jammu and Kashmir varies
greatly owing to its rugged topography. In the south around Jammu, the climate
is typically monsoonal, though the region is sufficiently far west to average
40 to 50 mm (1.6 to 2 inches) of rain per month between January and
March. In the hot season, Jammu city is very hot and can reach up to 40 °C
(104 °F) whilst in July and August, very heavy though erratic rainfall
occurs with monthly extremes of up to 650 millimetres (25.5 inches). In
September, rainfall declines, and by October conditions are hot but extremely
dry, with minimal rainfall and temperatures of around 29 °C (84 °F).
Across from the Pir Panjal range,
the South Asian monsoon is no longer a factor and most precipitation falls in
the spring from southwest cloudbands. Because of its closeness to the Arabian Sea,
Srinagar receives as much as 635 millimetres (25 in) of rain from this
source, with the wettest months being March to May with around 85 millimetres
(3.3 inches) per month. Across from the main Himalaya Range, even the
southwest cloudbands break up and the climate of Ladakh andZanskar is extremely
dry and cold. Annual precipitation is only around 100 mm (4 inches)
per year and humidity is very low. In this region, almost all above 3,000
metres (9,750 ft) above sea level, winters are extremely cold. In Zanskar,
the average January temperature is −20 °C (−4 °F) with extremes as
low as −40 °C (−40 °F). All the rivers freeze over and locals make
river crossings during this period because their high levels from glacier melt
in summer inhibits crossing. In summer in Ladakh and Zanskar, days are
typically a warm 20 °C (68 °F), but with the low humidity and thin
air nights can still be cold.
Jammu and Kashmir consists of
three divisions: Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh, and is further divided into
22 districts. The Siachen Glacier, although under Indian military control, does
not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Kishtwar, Ramban, Reasi, Samba,Bandipora, Ganderbal, Kulgam and Shopian are
newly formed districts
The major ethnic groups living in
Jammu and Kashmir include Kashmiris,Gujjars/Bakarwals, Paharis,
Dogras and Ladakhis. The Kashmiris live mostly in the main valley
of Kashmir and Chenab
valley of Jammu division with a minority living in the Pir
Panjal region. The Pahari-speaking
people mostly live in and around the Pir Panjal region with some in the
northern Kashmir valley. The nomadic Gujjars and Bakerwals practice transhumance and
mostly live in the Pirpanjal region. The Dogras are ethnically,
linguistically and culturally related to the neighbouring Punjabi
people and mostly live in the Udhampur and Jammudistricts
of the state. The Ladakhis are people of Mongoloid stock and
resemble in their ethnic character to the neighbouring Tibetan
people.
Jammu and Kashmir's economy is
predominantly dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The Kashmir
valley is known for its sericulture and
cold-water fisheries. Wood from Kashmir is used to make high-quality cricket
bats, popularly known as Kashmir Willow. Kashmiri saffron is very famous
and brings the state a handsome amount of foreign exchange. Agricultural exports
from Jammu and Kashmir include apples, barley, cherries, corn, millet, oranges,
rice, peaches, pears, saffron, sorghum, vegetables, and wheat, while
manufactured exports include handicrafts, rugs, and shawls.
Horticulture plays a vital role in the
economic development of the state. With an annual turnover of over 3
billion (US$45 million), apart from foreign exchange of over 800
million (US$12 million), this sector is the next biggest source of
income in the state's economy. The region of Kashmir is known for its
horticulture industry and is the wealthiest region in the state.
Horticultural produce from the state includes apples, apricots, cherries,
pears, plums, almonds and walnuts.
The Doda district has
deposits of high-grade sapphire.
Though small, the manufacturing and services sector is growing rapidly,
especially in the Jammu division. In recent years, several consumer
goods companies have opened manufacturing units in the region.
The Associated
Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) has
identified several industrial sectors which can attract investment in the
state, and accordingly, it is working with the union and the state government
to set up industrial parks and special
economic zones. In the fiscal year 2005–06, exports from the
state amounted to 11.5 billion (US$170 million). However,
industrial development in the state faces several major constraints including
extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage. The Jammu
& Kashmir Bank, which is listed as a S&P
CNX 500 conglomerate, is based in the state. It reported a net
profit of 598 million (US$8.9 million) in 2008.
The Government of India has been keen to
economically integrate Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of India. The state is
one of the largest recipients of grants from New Delhi, totalling US$812
million per year. It has a mere 4% incidence of poverty, one of the lowest
in the country.
In an attempt to improve the
infrastructure in the state, Indian
Railways is constructing the ambitious Kashmir
Railwayproject at a cost of more than US$2.5 billion. Trains run on
the 130 km Baramula-Banihal section. The
17.5 km Qazigund-Banihal section
through the 11 km long Pir
Panjal Railway Tunnel was commissioned. Udhampur-Katra section
of the track was commissioned early in July 2014. The Katra-Banihal section is
under construction. The route crosses major earthquake zones, and is subjected
to extreme temperatures of cold and heat, as well as inhospitable terrain, making
it an extremely challenging engineering project. It is expected to increase
tourism and travel to Kashmir. Three other railway lines, the Bilaspur–Mandi–Leh railway, Srinagar-Kargil-Leh railway and the Jammu-Poonch
railway have been proposed.
Before the insurgency intensified in
1989, tourism formed an important part of the Kashmiri economy. The tourism
economy in the Kashmir valley was worst hit. However, the holy shrines of Jammu
and the Buddhist monasteries of Ladakh continue to remain popular pilgrimage
and tourism destinations. Every year, thousands of Hindu pilgrims visit holy
shrines of Vaishno Devi and Amarnath,
which has had significant impact on the state's economy. It was estimated in
2007 that the Vaishno Devi yatra contributed 4.75 billion (US$71 million)
to the local economy annually a few years ago. The contribution should be
significantly greater now as the numbers of Indian visitors have increased
considerably. Foreign tourists have been slower to return. The British
government still advises against all travel to Jammu and Kashmir with the
exception of the cities of Jammu and Srinagar, travel between these two cities
on the Jammu-Srinagar highway, and the region of Ladakh, while Canada excludes
the entire region excepting Leh.
Besides Kashmir, several areas in
the Jammu region have a lot of tourist potential as well. Bhau Fort in Jammu
city is the major attraction for the tourists visiting that city. Bage-e-Bahu
is another tourist destination. The local aquarium, established by the
fisheries department, is visited by many. Tourists from across India visit
Jammu in a pilgrimage to Mata Vaishno Devi. Mata Vaishno Devi is located in the
Trikuta Hills, about 40 to 45 km from Jammu City. Approximately 10 million
Pilgrims visit this holy place every year.
Tourism in the Kashmir valley has
rebounded in recent years, and in 2009, the state became one of the top tourist
destinations of India. Gulmarg,
one of the most popular ski resort destinations in India, is also home to the
world's highest green golf course. The state's recent decrease in violence has
boosted the economy and tourism. It was reported that more than a million
tourists visited Kashmir in 2011.
Ladakh is famous for its unique Indo-Tibetan
culture. Chanting in Sanskrit and Tibetan
language forms an integral part of Ladakh's Buddhist lifestyle.
Annual masked dance festivals, weaving and archery are an
important part of traditional life in Ladakh. Ladakhi food has much in common
with Tibetan food, the most prominent foods beingthukpa, noodle soup;
and tsampa,
known in Ladakhi as Ngampe, roasted barley flour. Typical garb includes
gonchas of velvet, elaborately embroidered waistcoats and boots, and gonads or
hats. People adorned with gold and silver ornaments and turquoise headgears
throng the streets during Ladakhi festivals.
The Dumhal is a famous
dance in the Kashmir Valley, performed by men of the Wattal region. The women
perform the Rouff, another traditional folk dance. Kashmir has been noted for
its fine arts for centuries, including poetry and handicrafts. Shikaras, traditional small
wooden boats, and houseboats are
a common feature in lakes and rivers across the Valley.
The Constitution
of India does not allow people from regions other than Jammu
and Kashmir to purchase land in the state. As a consequence, houseboats became
popular among those who were unable to purchase land in the Valley and has now
become an integral part of the Kashmiri lifestyle.
Kawa, traditional green tea with
spices and almond, is consumed all through the day in the chilly winter climate
of Kashmir. Most of the buildings in the Valley and Ladakh are made from
softwood and are influenced by Indian, Tibetan,
andIslamic
architecture.
Jammu's Dogra culture and tradition is
very similar to that of neighbouringPunjab and Himachal
Pradesh. Traditional Punjabi festivals such as Lohri andVaisakhi are
celebrated with great zeal and enthusiasm throughout the region, along
with Accession Day, an annual
holiday which commemorates the accession of Jammu & Kashmir to the Dominion
of India. After Dogras, Gujjars form the
second-largest ethnic group in Jammu. Known for their semi-nomadic lifestyle,
Gujjars are also found in large numbers in the Kashmir Valley. Similar to
Gujjars, Gaddis are primarily herdsmen who hail from the Chamba
region in Himachal Pradesh. Gaddis are generally associated with emotive music
played on the flute.
The Bakkarwalas found both in Jammu and the Kashmir valley are wholly
nomadic pastoral people who move along the Himalayan slopes in search for
pastures for their huge flocks of goats and sheep.
Jammu and Kashmir is India's most
sensitive state. Here are some of the meanest people,
public life became miserable and horrible. Due to adverse
environment also affected the transport system is always here. Which
have to be taken here for transporting Extreme efficiency.
District- 22
Capital – (Srinagar ,Jammu)
Area- 222,236 km2
Population – 12,541,302
Language- Kashmiri ,dogri,hindi ,Punjabi ,Ladakhi .
Industries- 200 more advance industries.
Rivers-
Chenab River,Doda River,Dras
River,Indus River,Jhelum River,Nubra River,Ravi River,Shayok River,Shingo River,Shyok
River,Suru River (Indus),Tawi River,Tsarap River,Yapola River,Zanskar Gorge,Bringhi
River,Chip Chap River,Galwan
River,Lidder River ,Markha
River (India),Nala Palkhu,Neelum
River,Nubra River,Poonch
River,Rambi
Ara,Ravi River,Sandran
River,Ujh
River,Veshaw River,Zanskar
River.
Jammu & Kashmir
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