Chandigarh is a city and a unionterritory of India that
serves as the capital of the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana. As a union
territory, the city is governed directly by the Union
Government and is not part of either state.
Chandigarh is bordered by
the state of Punjab to the north, west and south, and to the state
of Haryana to
the east. Chandigarh is considered to be a part of the Chandigarh
capital region or Greater Chandigarh, which includes
Chandigarh, and the cities ofMohali, Zirakpur, Kharar, Kurali (in Punjab) and
the city ofPanchkula (in
Haryana).
Chandigarh was one of the
early planned cities in the post-independence India and is
internationally known for its architecture and urban design. The master plan of
the city was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le
Corbusier, which transformed from earlier plans created by the
Polish architect Maciej Nowicki and the American planner Albert
Mayer. Most of the government buildings and housing in the city,
were designed by the Chandigarh Capital Project Team headed by Le
Corbusier, Jane
Drew and Maxwell Fry.
In 2015, an article published by BBC named Chandigarh
as one of the perfect cities of the world in terms of architecture, cultural
growth and modernisation.
Chandigarh’s Capitol Complex was in July 2016 declared byUNESCO as World
Heritage at the 40th session of World Heritage Conference held in Istanbul. UNESCO
inscription was under “The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier an outstanding
contribution to the Modern Movement”. The Capitol Complex buildings include thePunjab and Haryana High Court, Punjab and
Haryana Secretariatand Punjab and
Haryana Assembly along with monuments Open hand, Martyrs Memorial, Geometric
Hill and Tower of Shadow.
The city tops the list
of Indian States and
Union Territories by per capita income followed by Haryana and
Delhi respectively in the country. The city was reported to be the cleanest in
India in 2010, based on a national government study. In 2016, Chandigarh was
declared as the second cleanest city of India under Swachh Bharat Survekshan.
The union territory also heads the list of Indian states and territories
according to Human Development Index. In 2015, a
survey by LG Electronics, ranked
Chandigarh as the happiest city in India over the happiness index. The
metropolitan of Chandigarh-Mohali-Panchkula collectively
forms a Tri-city, with a combined
population of over 2 million.[17] Chandigarh is also known to be the first
smoke-free city in India .
The name Chandigarh is
a portmanteau of Chandi and Garh.Chandi refers
to Hindu Goddess Chandi,
the warrior Avatar of
Goddess Parvati,
and Garh means fort. The name is derived from Chandi
Mandir, an ancient temple devoted to the HinduGoddess Chandi, near the city
in Panchkula District.
The city has a
pre-historic past. Due to the presence of lake, the area has fossil remains
with imprints of a large variety of aquatic plants and animals, and amphibian
life, which were supported by that environment. As it was a part of the Punjab
region, it had many rivers nearby where the ancient and primitive settling of
humans began. So, about 8000 years ago, the area was also known to be a home to
the Harappans
Chandigarh was the
dream city of India's first Prime Minister,Jawahar
Lal Nehru. After the partition
of India in 1947, theformer British province of Punjab was
split between (mostly Hindu) East Punjab in
India and (mostly Muslim) West Punjab in Pakistan. The Indian
Punjab required a new capital city to replace Lahore, which became part
of Pakistan during the partition. Therefore, an American planner and
architect Albert Mayer was tasked to design a new
city called "Chandigarh" in 1949. The government carved out
Chandigarh of nearly 50 Pwadhi speaking
villages of the then state of East Punjab,
India. Shimlawas
the temporary capital of East Punjab until
Chandigarh was completed in 1960.
Albert Mayer,
during his work on the development and planning of the new capital city of
Chandigarh, developed a superblock based-city threaded with green spaces which
emphasized the cellular neighborhood and traffic segregation. His site plan
used natural characteristics, using its gentle grade to promote drainage and rivers
to orient the plan. Mayer discontinued his work on Chandigarh after developing
a master plan from the city when his architect-partnerMatthew
Nowicki died in a plane crash in 1950. Government officials
recruited Le Corbusier to succeed Mayer and Nowicki, who enlisted
much of Mayer's original plan without attributing them to him.
Le Corbusier
designed many administration buildings, including a courthouse, parliament
building, and a university. He also designed the general layout of the city,
dividing it into sectors. Chandigarh hosts the largest of Le Corbusier's manyOpen
Hand sculptures, standing 26 metres high. The
Open Hand (La Main Ouverte) is a recurring motif in Le
Corbusier's architecture, a sign for him of "peace and reconciliation. It
is open to give and open to receive." It represents what Le Corbusier
called the 'Second Machine Age'. Two of the six monuments planned in the Capitol
Complex which has the High Court, the Assembly and the Secretariat, remain
incomplete. These include Geometric Hill and Martyrs Memorial; drawings were
made, and they were begun in 1956, but they were never completed.
On 1 November 1966,
the newly formed state of Haryana was
carved out of the eastern portion of East Punjab,
in order to create a new state for the majority Haryanvi-speaking people in
that portion, while the western portion of East Punjab retained a mostly Punjabi-speaking
majority and was renamed as Punjab.
Chandigarh was located on the border of both states and the states moved to
incorporate the city into their respective territories. However, the city of
Chandigarh was declared a union
territory to serve as capital of both states.
As of 2016, many
historical villages in Chandigarh are still inhabited within the modern blocks
of sectors including Burailand Attawa, while there are a number of
non-sectoral villages that lie on the outskirts of the city. These villages
were a part of the pre-Chandigarh era.
Chandigarh is
located near the foothills of the Sivalik range of theHimalayas in northwest
India. It covers an area of approximately 114 km It shares its borders
with the states of Haryana and Punjab. The exact cartographic co-ordinates of
Chandigarh are30.74°N 76.79°E. It has an average
elevation of 321 metres (1053 ft).
The city, lying
in the northern plains, has vast fertile and flat land. It has portions
of Bhabar in
the north east and Terai in
rest of the area. The surrounding cities are Mohali,Patiala and Roopnagar in Punjab,Panchkula and Ambala in Haryana
Chandigarh has
a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) characterised by a seasonal
rhythm: very hot summers, mild winters, unreliable rainfall and great variation
in temperature .
Most of Chandigarh is covered by dense banyan and eucalyptus plantations.Ashoka, cassia, mulberry and other
trees flourish in the forested ecosystem. The city has forests surrounding that
sustain many animal and plant species. Deer, sambars, barking
deer, parrots, woodpeckers and peacocks inhabit the
protected forests. Sukhna Lake hosts a variety of ducks and geese, and
attracts migratory birds from parts of Siberia and Japan in the winter season.
A Parrot Bird Sanctuary Chandigarh situated
in sector 21 of the city is home to a large number of parrots.Sukhna
Wildlife Sanctuary adjoining to Sukhna Lake is
another point for nature lovers. It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1998.
The city also has other popular gardens, e.g. Zakir
Hussain Rose Garden, Rock
Garden, Botanical Garden, Terraced Garden, Bougainvillea Garden,
Shanti Kunj and many others.
Chandigarh has
been rated as the “Wealthiest Town” of India. The Reserve
Bank of India ranked Chandigarh as the Third largest deposit
centre and seventh largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012. With a per
capita income of 99,262, Chandigarh is the richest city in India.[44] Chandigarh's gross state domestic product for
2014-15 is estimated at 0.29 lakh crore (US$4.3 billion) in current
prices. According to a 2014 survey, Chandigarh is ranked 4th in the top 50
cities identified globally as "emerging outsourcing and IT services
destinations" ahead of cities like Beijing
The government is a major employer in
Chandigarh with three governments having their base here i.e. Chandigarh
Administration, Punjab government and Haryana government. A significant
percentage of Chandigarh’s population therefore consists of people who are
either working for one of these governments or have retired from government
service mainly Armed forces. For this reason, Chandigarh is often called a
"Pensioner's Paradise".Ordnance Cable Factory of the Ordnance
Factories Board has been set up by the Government
of India.
Chandigarh has the
largest number of vehicles per capital in India.Wide, well maintained roads and parking
spaces all over the city ease local transport.The Chandigarh Transport Undertaking (CTU)
operates public transport buses from its Inter State Bus Terminals (ISBT) in
Sectors 17 and 43 of the city. CTU also operates frequent bus services to the
neighbouring states of Punjab,Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh and to Delhi.
Chandigarh small, beautiful, prosperous
and Uncharted Prefecture. All facilities from
several government and private, domestic, foreign small and cottage industries
are thriving here. Good transport industry has strengthened in the future and
the hope of progress.
Area- 114 km2
Population –960,787
Industries- 1000
more advanced industries.
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